DISASTER RESEARCH 322

June 7, 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

  1. Seeking Information on Earthquake Response and the Recent Sumatra Quake

  2. Seeking Information on GIS and Forest Fire Prediction

  3. FEMA Seeks Comments on Proposed Rule Permitting Funding of Mitigation Debris Removal

  4. New Web Resources

  5. Now Available On-line: The Hazards Center's Special Publication on the Political Consequences of El Nino in South America

  6. A Note on the Newest Hazard Center Working Paper

  7. Introducing the African American Emergency Preparedness and Information Project (EPIP)

  8. Some Recently Awarded Research Grants of Note

  9. Corps Launches Dialogue on Water Resources Issues

  10. June 2000 Schedule in the EIIP Virtual Forum

  11. An Invitation to Publish in the International Journal Natural Hazards

  12. Introducing Philrisknews - the Philosophy of Risk Newsletter

  13. Seeking Participants for the Third Grassroots Climate Education Project

  14. Conferences and Training

First, two information requests from the natural-hazards-disasters e-mail list (which we highly recommend): natural-hazards-disasters@mailbase.ac.uk:

1)----------

Seeking Information on Earthquake Response and the Recent Sumatra Quake

During the 8:00 a.m. news this morning on Radio Scotland, the BBC's Richard Galpin reported from the scene of the June 4 earthquake on Sumatra that many people had survived because they managed to get out of their houses during the earthquake (or that was my understanding; I could not find this thought replicated on the BBC website).

I understand that literature on how to act during a earthquake normally states "stop, drop, and take cover", or stay in a well-supported area of the building, until the shaking stops and then exit the building and stay away from structures. This material, though, is normally geared towards developed countries and I would guess that it makes the assumption that the structure has been engineered to the best of our ability to withstand the forces induced by earthquakes.

I would be curious to know if anyone could confirm Galpin's report that many people survived this earthquake, or others in the past, because they left their houses during the shaking. From those who have experienced a severe earthquake, would such action actually be possible? As well, what would be the best manner of trying to survive an earthquake in a structure which has not been properly engineered to avoid collapse during an earthquake?

Thank you very much for your time,
Ilan

Ilan Kelman
E-mail: ilan_kelman@hotmail.com

2)----------

Seeking Information on GIS and Forest Fire Prediction

I am currently developing a Geographic Information System to provide assistance in the prediction of forest fire outbreaks, as part of a MSc Computation thesis undertaken at UMIST, England. I would welcome any details of experiences of such systems or of dealing with forest fires in general.

In addition does anyone on the mailing list know of any bodies or organisations which utilise GISs to help cope with the effects of natural hazards? I am very interested in working on such projects after completion of my degree, and would like to know how to move into this field, as either paid or voluntary work.

With thanks,
Seth Girvin
E-mail: seth.girvin@stud.umist.ac.uk

3)----------

FEMA Seeks Comments on Proposed Rule Permitting Funding of Mitigation Debris Removal

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has issued a proposed rule that would provide funding of debris removal under the agency's Public Assistance program. The money would be available to communities that, under a FEMA hazard mitigation program, acquire property substantially damaged by a disaster and convert it to open space or other appropriate uses. Comments are due June 30. The complete proposed rule can be found in the May 16 Federal Register, pp. 31129- 30. To comment, contact Melissa Howard, Federal Emergency Management Agency, (202) 646-4240.

4)----------

New Web Resources

[Below are some of the latest Internet resources we've discovered. For an extended list of selected Internet sites dealing with hazards and disasters, see http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/sites/sites.html]

http://www.fema.gov/library/
Although we've cited the Federal Emergency Management Agency's on-line library before, it deserves additional mention since it is one of the better Internet repositories of disaster information and since several new documents have been added recently. Some of the library's newer offerings include:

From the Mitigation section - http://www.fema.gov/library/lib06.htm

From the Response and Recovery section - http://www.fema.gov/library/lib08.htm
In addition, the Preparedness, Training, and Exercises section - http://www.fema.gov/library/lib07.htm - contains numerous publications on personal, family, and business mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery - many in multiple languages. Also note that the library has an entire section devoted to Spanish- language publications.

http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/
http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/Drought/
http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ENSO/
The mission of the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) is to identify the nature and causes of climate variations on time scales ranging from a month to centuries and thus to predict climate variations on these time scales. The CDC provides several resources including its Map Room Weather Products (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/~map/maproom/text/weather_products.shtml), Map Room Climate Products (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/~map/maproom/text/climate_products.shtml), and Display and Analysis Web Pages for CDC Climate Data (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/PublicData/web_tools.html).

At the second URL above, the CDC offers a page entitled "Current and Anticipated Precipitation Anomalies over the U.S." that provides information on current and emerging drought situations in the U.S. The page includes maps and graphics showing where problems are occurring and other information and forecasts regarding developing precipitation anomalies.

At the third address, the site provides "El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Information" covering such questions as What happens during an El Nino/La Nina cycle? What are the effects of El Nino/La Nina on climate and individual weather systems? What is the current state of El Nino/La Nina? Also included are FAQs, a glossary, other links and publications, forecasts and advisories, and educational resources.

http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eqint/html/zipcode.shtml
This is the USGS "Zip Code Earthquake Ground Motion Hazard Look-up Page." Put in a ZIP code and out comes the predicted seismic ground motion for that location.

http://www.adrc.or.jp/
http://www.adrc.or.jp/highlights.asp
Besides copious information about the center and disaster news of the region, the Web site of the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) in Kobe, Japan (see DR #265) now provides the center's new bi-weekly newsletter ADRC Highlights. The newsletter will also be distributed through e-mail, fax, or regular mail. To subscribe to the e-mail version send your e-mail address to editor@adrc.or.jp. More information is available from the Asian Disaster Reduction Center, Third Floor, IHD Building 1-5-1, Wakihamakaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan; tel: +81-78-230-0346; fax: +81-78-230-0347; e-mail: editor@adrc.or.jp.

5)----------
Now available on-line . . .

The Hazards Center's Special Publication on the Political Consequences of El Nino in South America

In DR #317, we announced the publication of the Natural Hazard Center's Special Publication 36 - The Marginalization of Disaster Response Institutions: The 1997-1998 El Nino Experience in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by Richard Olson and friends. This treatise examines governmental response to the 1997-98 El Nino and concludes that national civil defense organizations in the respective countries - the organizations nominally responsible for managing such emergencies - were quickly shouldered aside when the event became national and international news and thus a political issue. New, temporary governmental organizations were created to deal with the consequences of the El Nino, and the result was a poorly designed and poorly implemented response. The authors conclude with recommendations regarding how standing civil defense agencies can better prepare for such major events.

The Marginalization of Disaster Response Institutions is now available from the Natural Hazards Center Web site at http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/sp/sp.html.

The report can be viewed on-line or downloaded in Microsoft Word97 or PDF format. A Spanish version is also available either in print or on- line from the Regional Disaster Information Center for Latin America and the Caribbean (CRID): http://www.crid.or.cr, or http://www.crid.or.cr/crid/ENG/NEWS/not7.htm.

Printed copies of The Marginalization of Disaster Response Institutions (SP36, 44 pp.) remain available and can be purchased for $10.00, plus shipping ($5.00 for the U.S., Canada, and Mexico; $8.00 for international mail beyond North America). Orders should be directed to the Publications Clerk, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Campus Box 482, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0482; (303) 492-6819; fax: (303) 492-2151; e-mail: janet.kroeckel@colorado.edu. Checks should be made payable to the University of Colorado.

6)----------

A Note on the Newest Hazard Center Working Paper

In DR #321, we announced the newest Working Paper from the Hazards Center - WP103: Mitigation and the Consequences of International Aid in Postdisaster Reconstruction, a study of post-Hurricane Mitch housing construction, by Priya Ranganath of McGill University - http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/wp/wp103/wp103.html. At the time of that announcement, due to copyright restrictions some of the paper's maps were not available, along with a few footnotes and bibliographical entries. However, the text is now completely updated, those sections are complete, and all notes and references have been added.

7)----------

Introducing the African American Emergency Preparedness and Information Project (EPIP)

Recent statistics cited by the U.S. Fire Administration indicate that African American citizens are 2.5 times more likely to be killed by fire than the general population. Due to the proliferation of natural disasters, fires, and chemical and biological threats facing America, minority communities located in inner cities and rural communities will encounter ever increasing risks in the future. These risks are amplified by the fact that minority communities in general, and African American communities in particular, have received less emergency preparedness training, education, and information than other communities.

To respond to this situation, FEMA is sponsoring a public/private partnership - the African American Emergency Preparedness and Information Project (EPIP) - established to alert national institutions and organizations in African American communities about the importance of emergency preparedness. EPIP has the ultimate objective of bringing greater awareness to the African American population about the risks posed by disasters and the importance of mitigating and being prepared.

Using on-line communications, workshops, and information bulletins, EPIP is putting organizations in touch with the wealth of emergency preparedness information available from FEMA, other federal agencies, and public and private emergency response organizations. EPIP functions as an information resource center linking segments of the African American community to disaster readiness information.

The project has established a Web site - http://www.epipgateway.com - designed to reach minority communities with information about creating disaster-resistant families, communities, institutions, businesses, and organizations. The site is intended to be a gateway to emergency preparedness and disaster response information from FEMA and other government agencies and organizations involved in disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation.

The EPIP project Web site hosted its first 30-minute chat about "Preparing Children for Disasters" on May 3 and will offer discussions on other topics in the future (all discussions are held 12:00-12:30 pm eastern time). The current schedule includes:
July 12 - "The Elderly and Fire Prevention"
August 2 - "Urban Domestic Terrorism"

For more information, contact EPIP, P.O. Box 70427, S.W., Washington, DC 20024; fax: (202) 347-1081, or see the Web site above.

8)----------

Some Recently Awarded Research Grants of Note

Below are descriptions of some recently awarded grants for the study of hazards and disasters. An catalog of contracts and grants awarded from 1995 to the present (primarily those funded by the National Science Foundation) is available from the Natural Hazards Center's Web site: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/grants.html.

Understanding Damaging Floods in the United States: Data Reanalysis and Correlation with Precipitation Trends. Funding: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-OGP Programs on Climate Change Data and Detection, Economics, and Human Dimensions of Climate Fluctuations, and GEWEX Continental Scale International Project; $150,000; 24 months. Principal Investigator: Roger A. Pielke, Jr., Environmental and Societal Impacts Group, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000; (303) 497-8117; fax (303) 497-8125; e-mail: rogerp@ucar.edu; WWW: http://www.esig.ucar.edu.

Training Program for Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs). Funding: U.S. Public Health Service, Office of Emergency Preparedness; $2.4 million; 48 months. Recipient: Department of Emergency Health Services, Academic IV Building, Room 316, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 5401 Wilkens Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21250; (410) 455-6241; WWW: http://ehs.umbc.edu.

Initial Planning Study for Earthquake Risk Reduction. Funding: City and County of San Francisco Department of Building Inspection, 24 months. Principal Investigator: Charles Scawthorn, Applied Technology Council (ATC), 555 Twin Dolphin Drive, Suite 550, Redwood City, CA 94065; (650) 595-1542 or (510) 817-3153; fax: (650) 593-2320; e-mail: atc@atcouncil.org; WWW: http://www.atcouncil.org.

Taiwan Earthquake Reconnaissance. Funding: National Science Foundation, $14,999, 12 months. Principal Investigator: Steven L. Kramer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 265 Wilcox Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; (206) 685-2642 or (206) 685-1024; fax: (206) 685-3836; e-mail: kramer@u.washington.edu.

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Reconnaissance of the August 17, 1999, Izmit Earthquake. Funding: National Science Foundation, $22,000, 12 months. Principal Investigator: Jonathan D. Bray, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 437 Davis Hall, MC 1710, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710; (510) 642-9843; e-mail: bray@ce.berkeley.edu.

The Efficiency Gains from Probabilistic Weather Forecasts: A Case Study of Oil and Gas Producers in the Gulf of Mexico. Funding: U.S. Weather Research Program (National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Office of Naval Research); $118,000, six months. Principal Investigators: Timothy J. Considine and Craig Bishop, Department of Mineral Economics, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 0221 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802; (814) 863 0810; e-mail: cpw@psu.edu.

Preparing and Publishing the Report on the Great Tangshan Earthquake. Funding: National Science Foundation, $20,000, 12 months. Principal Investigator: George W. Housner, California Institute of Technology, Department of Engineering and Applied Science, M/C 104-44, Pasadena, CA 91125; (626) 395-4226.

9)----------

Corps Launches Dialogue on Water Resources Issues

As part of its long-range strategic planning process, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is initiating a series of open forums for key stakeholders, the general public, and federal, state, and local agencies concerning water resources challenges facing the nation. These discussions, to be conducted from June through September, will address the broad spectrum of issues and interests surrounding water resources in the U.S. - from transportation and infrastructure needs, to environment and water supply questions, to flood control and other hazard problems. The proposed schedule for these "Listening Sessions" includes:

  St. Louis, Missouri          June 16
  Sacramento, California       June 20
  Phoenix, Arizona             June 22
  Waltham, Massachusetts       July 11
  Atlanta, Georgia             July 12
  Omaha, Nebraska              July 18
  Honolulu, Hawaii             July 27
  Chicago, Illinois            August 2
  Louisville, Kentucky         August 7
  Dallas, Texas                August 10
  Richmond, Virginia           August 14
  New Brunswick, New Jersey    August 17
  Anchorage, Alaska            September 15
  Vancouver, Washington        September 19
For schedule updates and registration see the Corps Web site: http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/iwr/waterchallenges, or call (toll free) 877-447-6342 or (703) 428-8535. For specific questions, contact Mark Gmitro, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, 7701 Telegraph Road, Casey Building, Alexandria, VA 22315-3868; (703) 428-7214; e-mail: waterchallenges@usace.army.mil.

10)----------

June 2000 Schedule in the EIIP Virtual Forum

The following is the remaining Emergency Information Infrastructure Partnership (EIIP) schedule of on-line Internet sessions for June. All sessions take place Wednesdays at 12:00 noon, eastern time. To eavesdrop or participate, on the World Wide Web go to http://www.emforum.org/vforum/formchat.htm.

11)----------

An Invitation to Publish in the International Journal Natural Hazards

Natural Hazards publishes manuscripts on all aspects of natural hazards, subject to the standard peer review process. There is a misconception that we publish only papers dealing with the physical sciences. This is not true, and we welcome manuscripts related to the social, economic, and mitigation aspects of hazards.

Please send manuscripts to the editorial office of Natural Hazards, Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O.Box 17, 3300 AA, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Also, if you would like to edit a special issue on any topic related to natural hazards, please contact Dr.Tad Murty; e-mail: tmurty@baird.com. You can invite colleagues to be co-guest editors with you, up to a maximum of three. We will consider printing single (six manuscripts) or double issues (twelve manuscripts) and in rare cases a triple issue. The guest editors will choose the reviewers, obtain all manuscripts to be reviewed, and submit the final revised copies to us with correspondence showing that each manuscript has been approved by at least two reviewers. There is no cost to the guest editors or authors.

For more information, contact Tad Murty, Baird & Associates, 1145 Hunt Club Road, Suite 1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1V 0Y3; (613) 731-8900; fax: (613) 731-9778; e-mail: tmurty@baird.com; WWW: http://www.baird.com.

12)----------

Introducing Philrisknews - the Philosophy of Risk Newsletter

Philrisknews is an electronic newsletter for people interested in the philosophy of risk, uncertainty, and safety. Edited by Sven Ove Hansson and Martin Peterson, the newsletter is distributed by the philosophy group at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. The initial issue introduces the newsletter, provides an article entitled "What is philosophy of risk?," offers a list of recent publications, and presents the first part of a bibliography on risk and ethics. The editors welcome contributions, which should be e-mailed to: owner-philrisknews@infra.kth.se.

To subscribe to Philrisknews, send an e-mail message with the single word "subscribe" to: philrisknews-request@infra.kth.se. If you experience subscription problems, e-mail: owner-philrisknews@infra.kth.se.

13)----------

Seeking Participants for the Third Grassroots Climate Education Project

The Green House Network, a nonprofit group dedicated to public education about the dangers of global warming, is seeking individuals from across the United States who wish to participate in our Grassroots Climate Education Project.

Over the weekend of September 22, 2000, we will be holding a training session in Portland, Oregon, for 25 people interested in speaking to the public on the need for urgent action to address global warming. In exchange for the training, each individual will commit to giving at least five speeches on campuses in their region next spring.

These talks will be set up, coordinated, and publicized by Green House Network staff. Thus, the commitment on the part of the speakers is limited to the actual delivery of the presentations. All expenses will be paid.

Participants should have an initial broad familiarity with the global warming issue. The workshop will provide more detailed scientific and economic information, as well as assistance in the preparation of an effective 30-minute presentation. Participants will include college professors, scientists, other professionals, and graduate students, and must be United States residents. To apply, please send an application to:
Matthew Follett, Program Director
The Green House Network
PMB 154
16869 SW 65th Avenue
Lake Oswego, OR 97035-7865

The application should include:

  1. a brief letter stating the reason for your interest, as well as any experience you have had in public speaking or organizing;
  2. a curriculum vitae;
  3. two or three campuses (or other venues) in your region where a global warming presentation would have the biggest impact;
  4. an e-mail address for follow-up correspondence.
The closing date for applications is July 15th, 2000. For more information about the Grassroots Climate Education Project and the Green House Network please visit our Web site at http://www.greenhousenet.org, or call (503) 639-0600.

14)----------

Conferences and Training

[Below are some recent announcements received by the Natural Hazards Center. A comprehensive list of upcoming hazards-related meetings and training is available from our World Wide Web site: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/conf.html]

Transportation Operations During Major Evacuations - Hurricane Workshop. Sponsors: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and others. Atlanta, Georgia: June 26-28, 2000. Contact: George Schoene, FHWA, (202) 366-2197 for more information regarding the workshop. For questions regarding workshop registration or accommodations, contact: Calah Young, SAIC, 7980 Science Applications Ct., Suite 300, M/S CV-48, Vienna, VA 22183; (703) 394-4192; fax: (703) 394-4270; e-mail: Calah.A.Young@saic.com. Or see: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/events/hurrican.htm.

2000 Northeast Regional Technical Seminar: "Evaluation of Concrete Dam Stability." Sponsor: Association of State Dam Safety Officials. Atlantic City, New Jersey: July 13-14, 2000. Contact: Susan Sorrell, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, 450 Old Vine Street, Lexington, KY 40507; (859) 257-5140; fax: (859) 323-1958; WWW: http://www.damsafety.org.

National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) 2000 Annual Conference. West Palm Beach, Florida: August 20-25, 2000. Contact: NEMA, P.O. Box 11910, Lexington, KY 40578-1910; fax: (606) 244-8239; e-mail: thembree@csq.org; WWW: http://www.nemaweb.org.

Community and Family Preparedness Conference 2000. Sponsor: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Emmitsburg, Maryland: August 22-25, 2000. The conference will focus on "Disasters and Kids, Effective Outreach to Minorities." Persons interested in participating must submit a request to their FEMA Regional Office by June 18, and regions must submit nomination to National Emergency Training Center by June 26. Nominations should include name, title, organization, phone, fax, e-mail address, and description of qualifying duties. In conjunction with the conference, FEMA's Emergency Management Institute will offer its Disaster Education Organizers Course August 19-20. For details, see http://www.fema.gov/pte or http://www.fema.gov/pte/cfp.htm.

Third International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering. Sponsors: University of Birmingham [U.K.] and the Wind Engineering Society. Birmingham, U.K.: September 4-7, 2000. Contact: CWE 2000 Secretariat, PF Consultants, 14 The Chestnuts, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP3 0DZ, U.K.; tel: +44 (0)1442 211204; fax: +44 (0)1442 256155; e-mail: cwe2000@pfconsultants.co.uk; WWW: http://www.pfconsultants.co.uk/cwe2000.

Fourth International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4). Banff, Alberta, Canada: September 2-8, 2000. For more information, see: http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/desk/; e-mail: gisem4@colorado.edu.

Facilitating and Mediating Effective Environmental Agreements. Offered by: Mediation Training, Concur, Inc. Berkeley, California: November 8-10, 2000. Contact: Concur, Inc., 1832 Second Street, Berkeley, CA 94710; (510) 649-8008; fax: (510) 649-1980; e-mail: concur@concurinc.net; WWW: http://www.concurinc.com.

Geological Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting and Exposition. Reno, Nevada: November 12-15, 2000. Includes topical session #61 - "Communicating Geohazards Information Effectively"; abstracts for 15-minute oral presentations on this topic are being solicited. Paper abstracts are due July 25; electronic abstracts are due August 1 (electronic submission is preferred). Electronic abstract submission can be done through the GSA web site: http://www.geosociety.org. Paper abstract forms and more information on the session are available from the conveners:


  Tom Pierson                        Scott Burns
  U.S. Geological Survey             Department of Geology
  Cascades Volcano Observatory       Portland State University
  5400 MacArthur Boulevard           P.O. Box 751
  Vancouver, WA 98661                Portland, OR 97207
  (360) 993-8935                     (503) 725-3389
  E-mail: tpierson@usgs.gov          E-mail: scott@ch1.ch.pdx.edu
More information about the entire meeting is available from the GSA Web site: http://www.geosociety.org; or contact: GSA Meetings Department, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140; (303) 447-2020 or 1-800-472-1988; fax: (303) 447-0648; e-mail: meetings@geosociety.org.

Coping with Catastrophe: Innovation and Integration. Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers. Plymouth, U.K.: January 2-5, 2001. "This session of the annual RGS/IBG conference will explore contemporary issues in the construction and distribution of risk and vulnerability in urban and rural contexts. Papers are encouraged that draw from physical as well as human geographical traditions and especially from interdisciplinary approaches. As much as possible, papers should address issues of integration and innovation in methods or in the presentation of findings." Submissions including a title and abstract of 200 words, should be sent by June 30, 2000 to: Mark Pelling, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool; e-mail: pelling@liverpool.ac.uk; or Stephan Harrison, Department of Geography, Coventry University; e-mail: s.harrison@coventry.ac.uk.

Cities on Volcanoes 2. Sponsors: New Zealand Earthquake Commission and others. Auckland, New Zealand: February 12-16, 2001. Abstracts due September 1, 2000. Contact: Secretary, Cities on Volcanoes 2, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, New Zealand; tel: +64 7 374 8211; fax: +64 7 374 8199; e-mail: citiesonvolc2@gns.cri.nz.

Twelfth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. London, U.K.: September 9-13, 2002. Contact: Liz Marwood, The Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics, The Institution of Civil Engineers, One Great George Street, Westminster, London SW1P 3AA, U.K.; tel: +43-171-665-2238 or +43-171-222-7722; fax: +43-171-799-1325; e-mail: Marwood_L@ice.org.uk; WWW: http://www.bham.ac.uk/CivEng/seced/12ecee01.htm.

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