GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN SMALL COMMUNITIES: APPLICATION OF GIS IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
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This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMS-9632458. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
The snow began to fall in the early evening on Saturday January 6, 1996; by noon Sunday, over eighteen inches had accumulated throughout the Shenadoah Valley. On Monday the snow finally stopped leaving Washington, D.C. with over 28 inches and 36 inches in the northern Virginia's Shenadoah Valley. Federal, state, and local government agencies were closed for at least three days and most school systems in the region were closed for the week. Television and radio broadcasters along with emergency service agencies urged residents to stay home and enjoy the unplanned break. For most residents, the extensive snow presented difficulties in cleaning their autos, clearing a path to the street, and ensuring that their refrigerators were stocked. Time was needed to allow road crews to clear the streets and roads. For many communities, a state of emergency was declared limiting access to highways to road cleanup crews and emergency service personnel.
The dilemma for many local governments was in providing adequate support for snow clearing crews who were working overtime to make major and minor roads safe for travel. A major concern for local officials and residents was the possibility of power outages caused by storm. Fortunately, the storm covered the area with a light snow that resulted in no significant buildup of ice on power lines. Residents avoided a situation in which they lost power and heat with no possibility for access to a public shelter.
By early February, little melting had occurred until heavy rainfall passed through the area. The heavy rains along with the melting snow caused significant flooding in northern Virginia especially in the Shenadoah Valley. Federal disaster areas were declared in Virginia as flooding damaged homes and businesses. Although many local governments had developed good emergency response plans and geographic information decision support systems, the utility of their systems proved to be disappointing. The following summary is focused on a small rural county in northern Virginia and its attempts to use its geographic information system in emergency response, recovery, mitigation and planning activities associated with the Blizzard of '96 and the resulting flooding.
The 1990 census data for Clarke County included a summary of non-institutionalized persons. Table 1 reflects the disability status of persons in the county. For all age groups, 584 residents have a mobility or self-care limitation. In a small rural community such as Clarke County, providing emergency services to these residents poses a significant challenge. Accurate identification of the residents with mobility or self-care limitations would be most useful in emergency planning and response efforts.
Clarke County has a total of 4,531 housing units with 834 homes built since 1980. The area has experienced slow growth even though it lies within 60 miles of Washington, D.C. Twenty-six residents use utility gas; 202, bottled gas; 1,738, electricity; 1,507, fuel oil or kerosene; and 733, wood. A loss of electric utilities would affect the 55% of local residents who are dependent on electricity.
Table 1
- Disability of Civilian Non-institutionalized
Persons
Persons 16 - 64 Years 7,785 With a mobility of self-care limitation 316 With a mobility limitation 144 With a self-care limitation 213 With a work disability 623 With a work disability but in labor force 294 Prevented from working 268 Persons 65 years and over 1,560 With a mobility or self-care limitation 268 With a mobility limitation 213 With a self-care limitation 147
Residents 16 years and over who are employed totaled 6,190. Of these residents, 8.2% were in agriculture, 14% in construction, 15% in manufacturing, 11% in retail trade, 27% in services. Approximately 13% of the workers were employed by the government and 600 residents were self-employed. For the workers 16 and over, 420 worked at home and 2,600 (42%) traveled move than 30 minutes to work. For even a rural community, commuting to work is a significant factor. Appendix A provides detailed summary 1990 census information for Clarke County, and the towns of Berryville and Boyce.
The county uses a manager / administrator form of government with planning, economic development, social services, and recreation agencies reporting to the county administrator.
Map files missing from the Clarke County GIS system were detailed information on street names, address ranges, or data reflecting business or resident locations. Information relating to residents drawn from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the census Tiger files was not available on the system. Boundary data files for the county census tracks, block groups, or blocks and the associated 1990 census data were not in the system.
Local officials lacked adequate information on the characteristics of the county's population in areas most affected by the 36 inch snow or the flooding along the Shenadoah River and the Opecen Creek. In addition, data were not available on residents located along the major water features or the level of flooding in the county. For emergency service personnel, response to calls to the 911 Center were complicated by a lack of information on high water along roads, bridges, or areas inaccessible because of the snow. In addition, local officials had no local information to predict the extent of flooding or information on which to base warnings to residents on high water in their area. Although the GIS had U.S.G.S. contour lines and water features drawn from the 1:24,000 quad sheets, information was not included on resident locations, phone numbers of residents or businesses that could be affected by the rising water.
The county 911 Emergency Notification System included information provided by the local phone company on the location of each resident in the county. Directions to each resident had been provided either by the phone company (directions for service installation) or by a Clarke County 911 employee who confirmed directions to a resident's home. The 911 Center maintained the directions to the resident in a computerized database. Although emergency service personnel could find a residence in the county, an actual address for the resident was not available. The lack of accurate addressing for residents outside the small towns in the county made resident geocoding of addresses very limited.
The Shenadoah River flows through Clarke County, and warm weather, which melted snow along with heavy rains in February caused the Shenadoah to flood several local roads.
Resident and business phone listings were obtained for the county from the local phone company and "select phone" listings. These listings included resident addresses with ZIP+4 files when available. Accurate geocoding was accomplished for residents in the towns. Determining the location of the remaining residents would need to be accomplished using another method.
The county manager and the GIS staff stressed the value of accurate locations for residents and businesses in the county. Emergency 911 operations could be enhanced by knowing the actual location of distressed callers. Routing of emergency vehicles could be improved by knowing exact destinations and potential problem areas such as bridges or roads. Warning systems could be adapted to notify residents affected by rising water, chemical spills on state highways or rail lines. Other public agencies could use accurate resident locations for school bus routing, zoning decision, or permit applications.
Interest in creating accurate addresses in the county was shared by James King, postmaster for the town of Berryville. He agreed to assist the county in verifying the location of rural delivery route boxes by ZIP+4 designations. Since the ZIP+4 system follows county road carrier routes, carriers could identify the approximate location on county maps of resident's mail boxes. County staff could verify these address files by direct observation and use portable geo-positing devices for accurate coordinate positioning. Address ranges for rural route boxes were thus linked to the post office route box number. Priority areas were identified which were vulnerable to either natural or chemical hazards. Addressing for these priority areas were to be completed by the county staff.
The county manager and the postmaster both expressed a concern that many local residents wanted to avoid accurate addressing of residents. Avoiding the public eye and maintaining privacy in a rural culture was a major factor that had limited prior addressing efforts. The postmaster noted that many patrons were offended when clerks asked for identification when their personal checks did not have an address. Clerks, however, could often avoid this conflict by recognizing the patron from past contacts.
Both the county manager and postmaster commented that local residents might resist efforts by the county or the post office to identify their residence in a database. Experience from other local communities to name roads and have accurate locations of residents had met resistance from rural residents. Both the postmaster and county manager agreed that initiatives to name rural roads and use a numbering system to identify resident locations should be coordinated. Linking local addressing to enhancing the 911 system where residents would benefit from change could be critical in avoiding conflict with residents.
Accurate identification of residences and buildings was considered by the county as a high priority. The initial step in linking post office rural delivery routs to county road segments (thus creating address ranges similar to more populated area) was an important step. Naming rural roads and assigning addresses would be the next step and easier to accomplish with accurate location of rural delivery box identification.
Local governments should view GIS as a useful tool that can be obtained on even a small budget. Early initiatives into GIS may have cost local governments large sums of money. Personal computers that can run 32 bit operating systems with large storage capacity make GIS affordable and easy to establish, even in a small community such as Clarke County. The uses of the Clarke County GIS will expand as more agencies become involved and as the cost of computers and programs continue to drop. Clarke County found that their GIS had benefits for emergency management and even more so for other applications within the jurisdiction.
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE Total population.................................................12,101 Urban population..................................................3,097 Percent of total population........................................25.6 Rural population..................................................9,004 Percent of total population........................................74.4 Farm population.....................................................769 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.......................2,433 Preprimary school...................................................181 Elementary or high school.........................................1,859 Percent in private school..........................................10.6 College.............................................................393 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Persons 25 years and over.........................................8,348 Less than 9th grade.................................................987 9th to 12th grade, no diploma.....................................1,100 High school graduate..............................................2,853 Some college, no degree...........................................1,532 Associates degree...................................................326 Bachelor's degree.................................................1,134 Graduate or professional degree.....................................416 Percent high school graduate or higher.............................75.0 Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................18.6 RESIDENCE IN 1985 Persons 5 years and over.........................................11,338 Lived in same house...............................................6,342 Lived in different house in U.S...................................4,966 Same State........................................................4,190 Same county.......................................................1,372 Different county..................................................2,818 Different State.....................................................776 Lived abroad.........................................................30 DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS Persons 16 to 64 years............................................7,785 With a mobility or self-care limitation.............................316 With a mobility limitation..........................................144 With a self-care limitation.........................................213 With a work disability..............................................623 In labor force......................................................294 Prevented from working..............................................268 Persons 65 years and over.........................................1,560 With a mobility or self-care limitation.............................268 With a mobility limitation..........................................213 With a self-care limitation.........................................147 CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN Women 15 to 24 years................................................366 Women 25 to 34 years..............................................1,102 Women 35 to 44 years..............................................1,646 VETERAN STATUS Civilian veterans 16 years and over...............................1,388 65 years and over...................................................349 NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH Native population................................................11,913 Percent born in state of residence.................................65.1 Foreign-born population.............................................188 Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990........................................56 LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME Persons 5 years and over.........................................11,338 Speak a language other than English.................................321 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................54 Speak Spanish........................................................91 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................15 Speak Asian or Pacific Island language...............................72 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................21 ANCESTRY Total ancestries reported.........................................7,695 Arab..................................................................0 Austrian.............................................................31 Belgian...............................................................0 Canadian.............................................................37 Czech................................................................99 Danish................................................................7 Dutch...............................................................219 English...........................................................1,454 Finnish...............................................................0 French (except Basque)..............................................242 French Canadian......................................................57 German............................................................1,859 Greek................................................................10 Hungarian............................................................18 Irish.............................................................1,081 Italian.............................................................144 Lithuanian...........................................................31 Norwegian............................................................41 Polish...............................................................58 Portuguese............................................................4 Romanian..............................................................5 Russian..............................................................39 Scotch-Irish........................................................305 Scottish............................................................229 Slovak...............................................................12 Subsaharan African....................................................0 Swedish...............................................................9 Swiss.................................................................7 Ukrainian............................................................14 United States or American...........................................701 Welsh...............................................................101 West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)........................8 Yugoslavian...........................................................0 Other ancestries.....................................................87
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
Total housing units..............................................4,531 YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT 1989 to March 1990.................................................. 134 1985 to 1988........................................................ 388 1980 to 1984........................................................ 446 1970 to 1979........................................................1,091 1960 to 1969........................................................ 522 1950 to 1959........................................................ 459 1940 to 1949........................................................ 124 1939 or earlier.....................................................1,367 BEDROOMS No bedroom.......................................................... 35 1 bedroom........................................................... 137 2 bedrooms..........................................................1,070 3 bedrooms..........................................................2,334 4 bedrooms.......................................................... 688 5 or more bedrooms.................................................. 267 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS Lacking complete plumbing facilities................................ 147 Lacking complete kitchen facilities................................. 105 Condominium housing units........................................... 22 SOURCE OF WATER Public system or private company....................................1,705 Individual drilled well.............................................2,521 Individual dug well................................................. 142 Some other source................................................... 163 SEWAGE DISPOSAL Public sewer........................................................1,228 Septic tank or cesspool.............................................3,115 Other means......................................................... 188 Occupied housing units........................................4,236 HOUSE HEATING FUEL Utility gas......................................................... 26 Bottled, tank, or LP gas............................................ 202 Electricity.........................................................1,738 Fuel oil, kerosene, etc.............................................1,507 Coal or coke........................................................ 16 Wood................................................................ 733 Solar energy........................................................ 8 Other fuel.......................................................... 0 No fuel used........................................................ 6 YEAR HOUSEHOLDER MOVED INTO UNIT 1989 to March 1990.................................................. 586 1985 to 1988........................................................1,209 1980 to 1984........................................................ 637 1970 to 1979........................................................ 923 1960 to 1969........................................................ 396 1959 or earlier..................................................... 485 TELEPHONE No telephone in unit................................................ 115 VEHICLES AVAILABLE Occupied housing units............................................4,236 None................................................................ 327 1................................................................... 972 2...................................................................1,786 3 or more...........................................................1,151 MORTGAGE STATUS AND SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS Specified owner-occupied housing units..............................2,288 With a mortgage...................................................1,371 Less than $300.................................................. 88 $300 to $499.................................................... 173 $500 to $699.................................................... 265 $700 to $999.................................................... 474 $1,000 to $1,499................................................ 278 $1,500 to $1,999................................................ 83 $2,000 or more.................................................. 10 Median (dollars)................................................ 779 Not mortgaged..................................................... 917 Less than $100.................................................. 59 $100 to $199.................................................... 417 $200 to $299.................................................... 346 $300 to $399.................................................... 62 $400 or more.................................................... 33 Median (dollars)................................................ 196 SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989 Specified owner-occupied housing units..............................2,288 Less than 20 percent..............................................1,316 20 to 24 percent.................................................. 206 25 to 29 percent.................................................. 224 30 to 34 percent.................................................. 120 35 percent or more................................................ 390 Not computed...................................................... 32 GROSS RENT Specified renter-occupied housing units............................. 848 Less than $200.................................................... 64 $200 to $299...................................................... 59 $300 to $499...................................................... 292
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
INCOME IN 1989 Households........................................................4,185 Less than $5,000.................................................... 224 $5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 221 $10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 337 $15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 584 $25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 745 $35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 917 $50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 611 $75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 294 $100,000 to $149,999................................................ 173 $150,000 or more.................................................... 79 Median household income (dollars)..................................34,636 Families..........................................................3,243 Less than $5,000.................................................... 80 $5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 131 $10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 217 $15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 428 $25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 603 $35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 756 $50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 551 $75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 272 $100,000 to $149,999................................................ 129 $150,000 or more.................................................... 76 Median family income (dollars).....................................38,096 Nonfamily households.............................................. 942 Less than $5,000.................................................... 151 $5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 93 $10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 136 $15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 187 $25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 155 $35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 127 $50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 78 $75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 0 $100,000 to $149,999................................................ 12 $150,000 or more.................................................... 3 Median nonfamily household income (dollars)........................20,216 Per capita income (dollars)........................................15,657 INCOME TYPE IN 1989 Households....................................................4,185 With wage and salary income.........................................3,282 Mean wage and salary income (dollars)............................39,160 With nonfarm self-employment income................................. 710 Mean nonfarm self-employment income (dollars)....................21,965 With farm self-employment income.................................... 228 Mean farm self-employment income (dollars).......................13,558 With Social Security income.........................................1,292 Mean Social Security income (dollars).............................6,529 With public assistance income....................................... 217 Mean public assistance income (dollars)...........................3,604 With retirement income.............................................. 752 Mean retirement income (dollars).................................10,544 POVERTY STATUS IN 1989 All persons for whom poverty status is determined................11,711 Below poverty level.............................................1,021 Persons 18 years and over...........................................9,048 Below poverty level............................................. 740 Persons 65 years and over.........................................1,560 Below poverty level............................................. 247 Related children under 18 years.....................................2,648 Below poverty level............................................. 266 Related children under 5 years.................................... 753 Below poverty level............................................. 65 Related children 5 to 17 years....................................1,895 Below poverty level............................................. 201 Unrelated individuals...............................................1,452 Below poverty level............................................. 303 All families......................................................3,243 Below poverty level............................................. 213 With related children under 18 years................................1,499 Below poverty level............................................. 118 With related children under 5 years............................... 631 Below poverty level............................................. 44 Female householder families....................................... 517 Below poverty level............................................. 44 With related children under 18 years................................ 225 Below poverty level............................................. 23 With related children under 5 years............................... 30 Below poverty level............................................. 8 Percent below poverty level: ---------------------------- All persons......................................................... 8.7 Persons 18 years and over......................................... 8.2 Persons 65 years and over....................................... 15.8 Related children under 18 years................................... 10.0 Related children under 5 years.................................. 8.6 Related children 5 to 17 years.................................. 10.6 Unrelated individuals............................................. 20.9 All families........................................................ 6.6 With related children under 18 years.............................. 7.9 With related children under 5 years............................. 7.0 Female householder families......................................... 8.5 With related children under 18 years.............................. 10.2 With related children under 5 years............................. 26.7
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
LABOR FORCE STATUS Persons 16 years and over.....................................9,648 In labor force......................................................6,352 Percent in labor force........................................ 65.8 Civilian labor force..............................................6,344 Employed........................................................6,190 Unemployed...................................................... 154 Percent unemployed............................................ 2.4 Armed Forces...................................................... 8 Not in labor force..................................................3,296 Males 16 years and over.......................................4,719 In labor force......................................................3,505 Percent in labor force........................................ 74.3 Civilian labor force..............................................3,501 Employed........................................................3,431 Unemployed...................................................... 70 Percent unemployed............................................ 2.0 Armed Forces...................................................... 4 Not in labor force..................................................1,214 Females 16 years and over.....................................4,929 In labor force......................................................2,847 Percent in labor force........................................ 57.8 Civilian labor force..............................................2,843 Employed........................................................2,759 Unemployed...................................................... 84 Percent unemployed............................................ 3.0 Armed Forces...................................................... 4 Not in labor force..................................................2,082 Females 16 years and over.....................................4,929 With own children under 6 years..................................... 627 Percent in labor force............................................ 62.2 With own children 6 to 17 years only................................ 719 Percent in labor force............................................ 81.8 Own children under 6 years in families and subfamilies... 860 All parents present in household in labor force..................... 538 Own children 6 to 17 years in families and subfamilies..........1,637 All parents present in household in labor force.....................1,222 Persons 16 to 19 years.......................................... 608 Not enrolled in school and not high school graduate................. 114 Employed or in Armed Forces....................................... 63 Unemployed........................................................ 2 Not in labor force................................................ 49 COMMUTING TO WORK Workers 16 years and over.........................................6,084 Percent drove alone................................................. 70.8 Percent in carpools................................................. 17.9 Percent using public transportation................................. 0.4 Percent using other means........................................... 0.4 Percent walked or worked at home.................................... 10.5 Mean travel time to work (minutes).................................. 29.3 OCCUPATION Employed persons 16 years and over................................6,190 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations............... 543 Professional specialty occupations.................................. 673 Technicians and related support occupations......................... 195 Sales occupations................................................... 671 Administrative support occupations, including clerical.............. 857 Private household occupations....................................... 65 Protective service occupations...................................... 79 Service occupations, except protective and household................ 692 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.......................... 403 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.................1,030 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....................... 381 Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 246 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................. 355 INDUSTRY Employed person 16 years and over.................................6,190 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries................................ 511 Mining.............................................................. 11 Construction........................................................ 854 Manufacturing, nondurable goods..................................... 506 Manufacturing, durable goods........................................ 443 Transportation...................................................... 211 Communications and other public utilities........................... 140 Wholesale trade..................................................... 147 Retail trade........................................................ 995 Finance, insurance, and real estate................................. 368 Business and repair services........................................ 270 Personal services................................................... 207 Entertainment, and recreation services.............................. 76 Health services..................................................... 296 Educational services................................................ 429 Other professional and related services............................. 420 Public administration............................................... 306 CLASS OF WORKER Employed persons 16 years and over................................6,190 Private wage and salary workers.....................................4,700 Government workers.................................................. 824 Local government workers.......................................... 408 State government workers.......................................... 139 Federal government workers........................................ 277 Self-employed workers............................................... 600 Unpaid family workers............................................... 6
1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 3A
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
INDUSTRY Universe: Employed persons 16 years and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (000-039)...................... 511 Mining (040-059).................................................... 11 Construction (060-099).............................................. 854 Manufacturing, nondurable goods (100-229)........................... 506 Manufacturing, durable goods (230-399).............................. 443 Transportation (400-439)............................................ 211 Communications and other public utilities (440-499)................. 140 Wholesale trade (500-579)........................................... 147 Retail trade (580-699).............................................. 995 Finance, insurance, and real estate (700-720)....................... 368 Business and repair services (721-760).............................. 270 Personal services (761-799)......................................... 207 Entertainment and recreation services (800-811)..................... 76 Professional and related services (812-899): Health services (812-840)......................................... 296 Educational services (842-860).................................... 429 Other professional and related services (841, 861-899)............ 420 Public administration (900-939)..................................... 306
1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 3A
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
OCCUPATION Universe: Employed persons 16 years and over Managerial and professional specialty occupations (000-202): Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations (000-042)... 543 Professional specialty occupations (043-202)...................... 673 Technical, sales, and administrative support occupations (203-402): Technicians and related support occupations (203-242)............. 195 Sales occupations (243-302)....................................... 671 Administrative support occupations, including clerical (303-402).. 857 Service occupations (403-472): Private household occupations (403-412)........................... 65 Protective service occupations (413-432).......................... 79 Service occupations, except protective and household (433-472).... 692 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (473-502)................ 403 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations (503-702).......1,030 Operators, fabricators, and laborers (703-902): Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors (703-802)........... 381 Transportation and material moving occupations (803-863).......... 246 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers (864-902)..... 355
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
160 Berryville town
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE Total population...............................................3,097 Urban population....................................................3,097 Percent of total population.....................................100.0 Rural population.................................................... 0 Percent of total population..................................... 0.0 Farm population................................................... 0 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.................... 541 Preprimary school................................................... 32 Elementary or high school........................................... 450 Percent in private school......................................... 4.0 College............................................................. 59 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Persons 25 years and over.........................................2,184 Less than 9th grade................................................. 303 9th to 12th grade, no diploma....................................... 343 High school graduate................................................ 773 Some college, no degree............................................. 356 Associates degree................................................... 70 Bachelor's degree................................................... 224 Graduate or professional degree..................................... 115 Percent high school graduate or higher.............................. 70.4 Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................. 15.5 RESIDENCE IN 1985 Persons 5 years and over......................................2,908 Lived in same house.................................................1,698 Lived in different house in U.S.....................................1,208 Same State........................................................1,019 Same county..................................................... 468 Different county................................................ 551 Different State................................................... 189 Lived abroad........................................................ 2 DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS Persons 16 to 64 years........................................1,863 With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 75 With a mobility limitation........................................ 49 With a self-care limitation....................................... 41 With a work disability.............................................. 123 In labor force.................................................. 50 Prevented from working............................................ 60 Persons 65 years and over..................................... 507 With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 69 With a mobility limitation........................................ 68 With a self-care limitation....................................... 34 CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN Women 15 to 24 years................................................ 385 Women 25 to 34 years................................................ 954 Women 35 to 44 years................................................1,793 VETERAN STATUS Civilian veterans 16 years and over................................. 327 65 years and over................................................. 90 NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH Native population...................................................3,074 Percent born in state of residence.............................. 70.4 Foreign-born population............................................. 23 Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990..................................... 6 LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME Persons 5 years and over........................................2,908 Speak a language other than English................................. 63 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 22 Speak Spanish..................................................... 24 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 15 Speak Asian or Pacific Island language............................ 3 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 0 ANCESTRY Total ancestries reported.........................................1,789 Arab................................................................ 0 Austrian............................................................ 0 Belgian............................................................. 0 Canadian............................................................ 0 Czech............................................................... 18 Danish.............................................................. 7 Dutch............................................................... 49 English............................................................. 337 Finnish............................................................. 0 French (except Basque).............................................. 63 French Canadian..................................................... 19 German.............................................................. 373 Greek............................................................... 3 Hungarian........................................................... 2 Irish............................................................... 244 Italian............................................................. 31 Lithuanian.......................................................... 4 Norwegian........................................................... 0 Polish.............................................................. 3 Portuguese.......................................................... 0 Romanian............................................................ 0 Russian............................................................. 0 Scotch-Irish........................................................ 94 Scottish............................................................ 46 Slovak.............................................................. 4 Subsaharan African.................................................. 0 Swedish............................................................. 2 Swiss............................................................... 2 Ukrainian........................................................... 0 United States or American........................................... 185 Welsh............................................................... 30 West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)...................... 2 Yugoslavian......................................................... 0 Other ancestries.................................................... 271
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
160 Boyce town
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE Total population............................................... 512 Urban population.................................................... 0 Percent of total population..................................... 0.0 Rural population.................................................... 512 Percent of total population.....................................100.0 Farm population................................................... 7 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.................... 121 Preprimary school................................................... 12 Elementary or high school........................................... 87 Percent in private school......................................... 4.6 College............................................................. 22 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Persons 25 years and over......................................... 338 Less than 9th grade................................................. 47 9th to 12th grade, no diploma....................................... 58 High school graduate................................................ 97 Some college, no degree............................................. 88 Associates degree................................................... 7 Bachelor's degree................................................... 32 Graduate or professional degree..................................... 9 Percent high school graduate or higher...................... 68.9 Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................. 12.1 RESIDENCE IN 1985 Persons 5 years and over................................... 479 Lived in same house................................................. 300 Lived in different house in U.S..................................... 179 Same State........................................................ 164 Same county..................................................... 68 Different county................................................ 96 Different State................................................... 15 Lived abroad........................................................ 0 DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS Persons 16 to 64 years........................................ 314 With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 0 With a mobility limitation........................................ 0 With a self-care limitation....................................... 0 With a work disability.............................................. 23 In labor force.................................................. 12 Prevented from working............................................ 8 Persons 65 years and over..................................... 75 With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 16 With a mobility limitation........................................ 2 With a self-care limitation....................................... 14 CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN Women 15 to 24 years................................................ 294 Women 25 to 34 years................................................1,500 Women 35 to 44 years................................................1,463 VETERAN STATUS Civilian veterans 16 years and over................................. 62 65 years and over................................................. 17 NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH Native population................................................... 507 Percent born in state of residence.............................. 82.2 Foreign-born population............................................. 5 Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990..................................... 0 LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME Persons 5 years and over........................................ 479 Speak a language other than English................................. 16 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 1 Speak Spanish..................................................... 12 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 0 Speak Asian or Pacific Island language............................ 1 Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 1 ANCESTRY Total ancestries reported......................................... 265 Arab................................................................ 0 Austrian............................................................ 0 Belgian............................................................. 0 Canadian............................................................ 0 Czech............................................................... 0 Danish.............................................................. 0 Dutch............................................................... 18 English............................................................. 35 Finnish............................................................. 0 French (except Basque).............................................. 0 French Canadian..................................................... 9 German.............................................................. 73 Greek............................................................... 0 Hungarian........................................................... 2 Irish............................................................... 35 Italian............................................................. 0 Lithuanian.......................................................... 8 Norwegian........................................................... 0 Polish.............................................................. 8 Portuguese.......................................................... 0 Romanian............................................................ 0 Russian............................................................. 0 Scotch-Irish........................................................ 1 Scottish............................................................ 3 Slovak.............................................................. 0 Subsaharan African.................................................. 0 Swedish............................................................. 0 Swiss............................................................... 0 Ukrainian........................................................... 1 United States or American........................................... 25 Welsh............................................................... 0 West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)...................... 0 Yugoslavian......................................................... 0 Other ancestries.................................................... 47 $500 to $749...................................................... 221 $750 to $999...................................................... 25 $1,000 or more.................................................... 0 No cash rent...................................................... 187 Median (dollars).................................................. 441 GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989 Specified renter-occupied housing units............................. 848 Less than 20 percent.............................................. 298 20 to 24 percent.................................................. 122 25 to 29 percent.................................................. 97 30 to 34 percent.................................................. 37 35 percent or more................................................ 105 Not computed...................................................... 189
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