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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN SMALL COMMUNITIES: APPLICATION OF GIS IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
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This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMS-9632458. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
The snow began to fall in the early evening on Saturday January 6, 1996; by noon Sunday, over eighteen inches had accumulated throughout the Shenadoah Valley. On Monday the snow finally stopped leaving Washington, D.C. with over 28 inches and 36 inches in the northern Virginia's Shenadoah Valley. Federal, state, and local government agencies were closed for at least three days and most school systems in the region were closed for the week. Television and radio broadcasters along with emergency service agencies urged residents to stay home and enjoy the unplanned break. For most residents, the extensive snow presented difficulties in cleaning their autos, clearing a path to the street, and ensuring that their refrigerators were stocked. Time was needed to allow road crews to clear the streets and roads. For many communities, a state of emergency was declared limiting access to highways to road cleanup crews and emergency service personnel.
The dilemma for many local governments was in providing adequate support for snow clearing crews who were working overtime to make major and minor roads safe for travel. A major concern for local officials and residents was the possibility of power outages caused by storm. Fortunately, the storm covered the area with a light snow that resulted in no significant buildup of ice on power lines. Residents avoided a situation in which they lost power and heat with no possibility for access to a public shelter.
By early February, little melting had occurred until heavy rainfall passed through the area. The heavy rains along with the melting snow caused significant flooding in northern Virginia especially in the Shenadoah Valley. Federal disaster areas were declared in Virginia as flooding damaged homes and businesses. Although many local governments had developed good emergency response plans and geographic information decision support systems, the utility of their systems proved to be disappointing. The following summary is focused on a small rural county in northern Virginia and its attempts to use its geographic information system in emergency response, recovery, mitigation and planning activities associated with the Blizzard of '96 and the resulting flooding.
The 1990 census data for Clarke County included a summary of non-institutionalized persons. Table 1 reflects the disability status of persons in the county. For all age groups, 584 residents have a mobility or self-care limitation. In a small rural community such as Clarke County, providing emergency services to these residents poses a significant challenge. Accurate identification of the residents with mobility or self-care limitations would be most useful in emergency planning and response efforts.
Clarke County has a total of 4,531 housing units with 834 homes built since 1980. The area has experienced slow growth even though it lies within 60 miles of Washington, D.C. Twenty-six residents use utility gas; 202, bottled gas; 1,738, electricity; 1,507, fuel oil or kerosene; and 733, wood. A loss of electric utilities would affect the 55% of local residents who are dependent on electricity.
Table 1
- Disability of Civilian Non-institutionalized
Persons
Persons 16 - 64 Years 7,785 With a mobility of self-care limitation 316 With a mobility limitation 144 With a self-care limitation 213 With a work disability 623 With a work disability but in labor force 294 Prevented from working 268 Persons 65 years and over 1,560 With a mobility or self-care limitation 268 With a mobility limitation 213 With a self-care limitation 147
Residents 16 years and over who are employed totaled 6,190. Of these residents, 8.2% were in agriculture, 14% in construction, 15% in manufacturing, 11% in retail trade, 27% in services. Approximately 13% of the workers were employed by the government and 600 residents were self-employed. For the workers 16 and over, 420 worked at home and 2,600 (42%) traveled move than 30 minutes to work. For even a rural community, commuting to work is a significant factor. Appendix A provides detailed summary 1990 census information for Clarke County, and the towns of Berryville and Boyce.
The county uses a manager / administrator form of government with planning, economic development, social services, and recreation agencies reporting to the county administrator.
Map files missing from the Clarke County GIS system were detailed information on street names, address ranges, or data reflecting business or resident locations. Information relating to residents drawn from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the census Tiger files was not available on the system. Boundary data files for the county census tracks, block groups, or blocks and the associated 1990 census data were not in the system.
Local officials lacked adequate information on the characteristics of the county's population in areas most affected by the 36 inch snow or the flooding along the Shenadoah River and the Opecen Creek. In addition, data were not available on residents located along the major water features or the level of flooding in the county. For emergency service personnel, response to calls to the 911 Center were complicated by a lack of information on high water along roads, bridges, or areas inaccessible because of the snow. In addition, local officials had no local information to predict the extent of flooding or information on which to base warnings to residents on high water in their area. Although the GIS had U.S.G.S. contour lines and water features drawn from the 1:24,000 quad sheets, information was not included on resident locations, phone numbers of residents or businesses that could be affected by the rising water.
The county 911 Emergency Notification System included information provided by the local phone company on the location of each resident in the county. Directions to each resident had been provided either by the phone company (directions for service installation) or by a Clarke County 911 employee who confirmed directions to a resident's home. The 911 Center maintained the directions to the resident in a computerized database. Although emergency service personnel could find a residence in the county, an actual address for the resident was not available. The lack of accurate addressing for residents outside the small towns in the county made resident geocoding of addresses very limited.
The Shenadoah River flows through Clarke County, and warm weather, which melted snow along with heavy rains in February caused the Shenadoah to flood several local roads.
Resident and business phone listings were obtained for the county from the local phone company and "select phone" listings. These listings included resident addresses with ZIP+4 files when available. Accurate geocoding was accomplished for residents in the towns. Determining the location of the remaining residents would need to be accomplished using another method.
The county manager and the GIS staff stressed the value of accurate locations for residents and businesses in the county. Emergency 911 operations could be enhanced by knowing the actual location of distressed callers. Routing of emergency vehicles could be improved by knowing exact destinations and potential problem areas such as bridges or roads. Warning systems could be adapted to notify residents affected by rising water, chemical spills on state highways or rail lines. Other public agencies could use accurate resident locations for school bus routing, zoning decision, or permit applications.
Interest in creating accurate addresses in the county was shared by James King, postmaster for the town of Berryville. He agreed to assist the county in verifying the location of rural delivery route boxes by ZIP+4 designations. Since the ZIP+4 system follows county road carrier routes, carriers could identify the approximate location on county maps of resident's mail boxes. County staff could verify these address files by direct observation and use portable geo-positing devices for accurate coordinate positioning. Address ranges for rural route boxes were thus linked to the post office route box number. Priority areas were identified which were vulnerable to either natural or chemical hazards. Addressing for these priority areas were to be completed by the county staff.
The county manager and the postmaster both expressed a concern that many local residents wanted to avoid accurate addressing of residents. Avoiding the public eye and maintaining privacy in a rural culture was a major factor that had limited prior addressing efforts. The postmaster noted that many patrons were offended when clerks asked for identification when their personal checks did not have an address. Clerks, however, could often avoid this conflict by recognizing the patron from past contacts.
Both the county manager and postmaster commented that local residents might resist efforts by the county or the post office to identify their residence in a database. Experience from other local communities to name roads and have accurate locations of residents had met resistance from rural residents. Both the postmaster and county manager agreed that initiatives to name rural roads and use a numbering system to identify resident locations should be coordinated. Linking local addressing to enhancing the 911 system where residents would benefit from change could be critical in avoiding conflict with residents.
Accurate identification of residences and buildings was considered by the county as a high priority. The initial step in linking post office rural delivery routs to county road segments (thus creating address ranges similar to more populated area) was an important step. Naming rural roads and assigning addresses would be the next step and easier to accomplish with accurate location of rural delivery box identification.
Local governments should view GIS as a useful tool that can be obtained on even a small budget. Early initiatives into GIS may have cost local governments large sums of money. Personal computers that can run 32 bit operating systems with large storage capacity make GIS affordable and easy to establish, even in a small community such as Clarke County. The uses of the Clarke County GIS will expand as more agencies become involved and as the cost of computers and programs continue to drop. Clarke County found that their GIS had benefits for emergency management and even more so for other applications within the jurisdiction.
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE Total population.................................................12,101 Urban population..................................................3,097 Percent of total population........................................25.6 Rural population..................................................9,004 Percent of total population........................................74.4 Farm population.....................................................769 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.......................2,433 Preprimary school...................................................181 Elementary or high school.........................................1,859 Percent in private school..........................................10.6 College.............................................................393 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Persons 25 years and over.........................................8,348 Less than 9th grade.................................................987 9th to 12th grade, no diploma.....................................1,100 High school graduate..............................................2,853 Some college, no degree...........................................1,532 Associates degree...................................................326 Bachelor's degree.................................................1,134 Graduate or professional degree.....................................416 Percent high school graduate or higher.............................75.0 Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................18.6 RESIDENCE IN 1985 Persons 5 years and over.........................................11,338 Lived in same house...............................................6,342 Lived in different house in U.S...................................4,966 Same State........................................................4,190 Same county.......................................................1,372 Different county..................................................2,818 Different State.....................................................776 Lived abroad.........................................................30 DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS Persons 16 to 64 years............................................7,785 With a mobility or self-care limitation.............................316 With a mobility limitation..........................................144 With a self-care limitation.........................................213 With a work disability..............................................623 In labor force......................................................294 Prevented from working..............................................268 Persons 65 years and over.........................................1,560 With a mobility or self-care limitation.............................268 With a mobility limitation..........................................213 With a self-care limitation.........................................147 CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN Women 15 to 24 years................................................366 Women 25 to 34 years..............................................1,102 Women 35 to 44 years..............................................1,646 VETERAN STATUS Civilian veterans 16 years and over...............................1,388 65 years and over...................................................349 NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH Native population................................................11,913 Percent born in state of residence.................................65.1 Foreign-born population.............................................188 Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990........................................56 LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME Persons 5 years and over.........................................11,338 Speak a language other than English.................................321 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................54 Speak Spanish........................................................91 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................15 Speak Asian or Pacific Island language...............................72 Do not speak English 'very well'.....................................21 ANCESTRY Total ancestries reported.........................................7,695 Arab..................................................................0 Austrian.............................................................31 Belgian...............................................................0 Canadian.............................................................37 Czech................................................................99 Danish................................................................7 Dutch...............................................................219 English...........................................................1,454 Finnish...............................................................0 French (except Basque)..............................................242 French Canadian......................................................57 German............................................................1,859 Greek................................................................10 Hungarian............................................................18 Irish.............................................................1,081 Italian.............................................................144 Lithuanian...........................................................31 Norwegian............................................................41 Polish...............................................................58 Portuguese............................................................4 Romanian..............................................................5 Russian..............................................................39 Scotch-Irish........................................................305 Scottish............................................................229 Slovak...............................................................12 Subsaharan African....................................................0 Swedish...............................................................9 Swiss.................................................................7 Ukrainian............................................................14 United States or American...........................................701 Welsh...............................................................101 West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)........................8 Yugoslavian...........................................................0 Other ancestries.....................................................87
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
Total housing units..............................................4,531
YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
1989 to March 1990.................................................. 134
1985 to 1988........................................................ 388
1980 to 1984........................................................ 446
1970 to 1979........................................................1,091
1960 to 1969........................................................ 522
1950 to 1959........................................................ 459
1940 to 1949........................................................ 124
1939 or earlier.....................................................1,367
BEDROOMS
No bedroom.......................................................... 35
1 bedroom........................................................... 137
2 bedrooms..........................................................1,070
3 bedrooms..........................................................2,334
4 bedrooms.......................................................... 688
5 or more bedrooms.................................................. 267
SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS
Lacking complete plumbing facilities................................ 147
Lacking complete kitchen facilities................................. 105
Condominium housing units........................................... 22
SOURCE OF WATER
Public system or private company....................................1,705
Individual drilled well.............................................2,521
Individual dug well................................................. 142
Some other source................................................... 163
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Public sewer........................................................1,228
Septic tank or cesspool.............................................3,115
Other means......................................................... 188
Occupied housing units........................................4,236
HOUSE HEATING FUEL
Utility gas......................................................... 26
Bottled, tank, or LP gas............................................ 202
Electricity.........................................................1,738
Fuel oil, kerosene, etc.............................................1,507
Coal or coke........................................................ 16
Wood................................................................ 733
Solar energy........................................................ 8
Other fuel.......................................................... 0
No fuel used........................................................ 6
YEAR HOUSEHOLDER MOVED INTO UNIT
1989 to March 1990.................................................. 586
1985 to 1988........................................................1,209
1980 to 1984........................................................ 637
1970 to 1979........................................................ 923
1960 to 1969........................................................ 396
1959 or earlier..................................................... 485
TELEPHONE
No telephone in unit................................................ 115
VEHICLES AVAILABLE
Occupied housing units............................................4,236
None................................................................ 327
1................................................................... 972
2...................................................................1,786
3 or more...........................................................1,151
MORTGAGE STATUS AND SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS
Specified owner-occupied housing units..............................2,288
With a mortgage...................................................1,371
Less than $300.................................................. 88
$300 to $499.................................................... 173
$500 to $699.................................................... 265
$700 to $999.................................................... 474
$1,000 to $1,499................................................ 278
$1,500 to $1,999................................................ 83
$2,000 or more.................................................. 10
Median (dollars)................................................ 779
Not mortgaged..................................................... 917
Less than $100.................................................. 59
$100 to $199.................................................... 417
$200 to $299.................................................... 346
$300 to $399.................................................... 62
$400 or more.................................................... 33
Median (dollars)................................................ 196
SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989
Specified owner-occupied housing units..............................2,288
Less than 20 percent..............................................1,316
20 to 24 percent.................................................. 206
25 to 29 percent.................................................. 224
30 to 34 percent.................................................. 120
35 percent or more................................................ 390
Not computed...................................................... 32
GROSS RENT
Specified renter-occupied housing units............................. 848
Less than $200.................................................... 64
$200 to $299...................................................... 59
$300 to $499...................................................... 292
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
INCOME IN 1989
Households........................................................4,185
Less than $5,000.................................................... 224
$5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 221
$10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 337
$15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 584
$25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 745
$35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 917
$50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 611
$75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 294
$100,000 to $149,999................................................ 173
$150,000 or more.................................................... 79
Median household income (dollars)..................................34,636
Families..........................................................3,243
Less than $5,000.................................................... 80
$5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 131
$10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 217
$15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 428
$25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 603
$35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 756
$50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 551
$75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 272
$100,000 to $149,999................................................ 129
$150,000 or more.................................................... 76
Median family income (dollars).....................................38,096
Nonfamily households.............................................. 942
Less than $5,000.................................................... 151
$5,000 to $9,999.................................................... 93
$10,000 to $14,999.................................................. 136
$15,000 to $24,999.................................................. 187
$25,000 to $34,999.................................................. 155
$35,000 to $49,999.................................................. 127
$50,000 to $74,999.................................................. 78
$75,000 to $99,999.................................................. 0
$100,000 to $149,999................................................ 12
$150,000 or more.................................................... 3
Median nonfamily household income (dollars)........................20,216
Per capita income (dollars)........................................15,657
INCOME TYPE IN 1989
Households....................................................4,185
With wage and salary income.........................................3,282
Mean wage and salary income (dollars)............................39,160
With nonfarm self-employment income................................. 710
Mean nonfarm self-employment income (dollars)....................21,965
With farm self-employment income.................................... 228
Mean farm self-employment income (dollars).......................13,558
With Social Security income.........................................1,292
Mean Social Security income (dollars).............................6,529
With public assistance income....................................... 217
Mean public assistance income (dollars)...........................3,604
With retirement income.............................................. 752
Mean retirement income (dollars).................................10,544
POVERTY STATUS IN 1989
All persons for whom poverty status is determined................11,711
Below poverty level.............................................1,021
Persons 18 years and over...........................................9,048
Below poverty level............................................. 740
Persons 65 years and over.........................................1,560
Below poverty level............................................. 247
Related children under 18 years.....................................2,648
Below poverty level............................................. 266
Related children under 5 years.................................... 753
Below poverty level............................................. 65
Related children 5 to 17 years....................................1,895
Below poverty level............................................. 201
Unrelated individuals...............................................1,452
Below poverty level............................................. 303
All families......................................................3,243
Below poverty level............................................. 213
With related children under 18 years................................1,499
Below poverty level............................................. 118
With related children under 5 years............................... 631
Below poverty level............................................. 44
Female householder families....................................... 517
Below poverty level............................................. 44
With related children under 18 years................................ 225
Below poverty level............................................. 23
With related children under 5 years............................... 30
Below poverty level............................................. 8
Percent below poverty level:
----------------------------
All persons......................................................... 8.7
Persons 18 years and over......................................... 8.2
Persons 65 years and over....................................... 15.8
Related children under 18 years................................... 10.0
Related children under 5 years.................................. 8.6
Related children 5 to 17 years.................................. 10.6
Unrelated individuals............................................. 20.9
All families........................................................ 6.6
With related children under 18 years.............................. 7.9
With related children under 5 years............................. 7.0
Female householder families......................................... 8.5
With related children under 18 years.............................. 10.2
With related children under 5 years............................. 26.7
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
LABOR FORCE STATUS
Persons 16 years and over.....................................9,648
In labor force......................................................6,352
Percent in labor force........................................ 65.8
Civilian labor force..............................................6,344
Employed........................................................6,190
Unemployed...................................................... 154
Percent unemployed............................................ 2.4
Armed Forces...................................................... 8
Not in labor force..................................................3,296
Males 16 years and over.......................................4,719
In labor force......................................................3,505
Percent in labor force........................................ 74.3
Civilian labor force..............................................3,501
Employed........................................................3,431
Unemployed...................................................... 70
Percent unemployed............................................ 2.0
Armed Forces...................................................... 4
Not in labor force..................................................1,214
Females 16 years and over.....................................4,929
In labor force......................................................2,847
Percent in labor force........................................ 57.8
Civilian labor force..............................................2,843
Employed........................................................2,759
Unemployed...................................................... 84
Percent unemployed............................................ 3.0
Armed Forces...................................................... 4
Not in labor force..................................................2,082
Females 16 years and over.....................................4,929
With own children under 6 years..................................... 627
Percent in labor force............................................ 62.2
With own children 6 to 17 years only................................ 719
Percent in labor force............................................ 81.8
Own children under 6 years in families and subfamilies... 860
All parents present in household in labor force..................... 538
Own children 6 to 17 years in families and subfamilies..........1,637
All parents present in household in labor force.....................1,222
Persons 16 to 19 years.......................................... 608
Not enrolled in school and not high school graduate................. 114
Employed or in Armed Forces....................................... 63
Unemployed........................................................ 2
Not in labor force................................................ 49
COMMUTING TO WORK
Workers 16 years and over.........................................6,084
Percent drove alone................................................. 70.8
Percent in carpools................................................. 17.9
Percent using public transportation................................. 0.4
Percent using other means........................................... 0.4
Percent walked or worked at home.................................... 10.5
Mean travel time to work (minutes).................................. 29.3
OCCUPATION
Employed persons 16 years and over................................6,190
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations............... 543
Professional specialty occupations.................................. 673
Technicians and related support occupations......................... 195
Sales occupations................................................... 671
Administrative support occupations, including clerical.............. 857
Private household occupations....................................... 65
Protective service occupations...................................... 79
Service occupations, except protective and household................ 692
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.......................... 403
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.................1,030
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....................... 381
Transportation and material moving occupations...................... 246
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................. 355
INDUSTRY
Employed person 16 years and over.................................6,190
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries................................ 511
Mining.............................................................. 11
Construction........................................................ 854
Manufacturing, nondurable goods..................................... 506
Manufacturing, durable goods........................................ 443
Transportation...................................................... 211
Communications and other public utilities........................... 140
Wholesale trade..................................................... 147
Retail trade........................................................ 995
Finance, insurance, and real estate................................. 368
Business and repair services........................................ 270
Personal services................................................... 207
Entertainment, and recreation services.............................. 76
Health services..................................................... 296
Educational services................................................ 429
Other professional and related services............................. 420
Public administration............................................... 306
CLASS OF WORKER
Employed persons 16 years and over................................6,190
Private wage and salary workers.....................................4,700
Government workers.................................................. 824
Local government workers.......................................... 408
State government workers.......................................... 139
Federal government workers........................................ 277
Self-employed workers............................................... 600
Unpaid family workers............................................... 6
1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 3A
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
INDUSTRY Universe: Employed persons 16 years and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (000-039)...................... 511 Mining (040-059).................................................... 11 Construction (060-099).............................................. 854 Manufacturing, nondurable goods (100-229)........................... 506 Manufacturing, durable goods (230-399).............................. 443 Transportation (400-439)............................................ 211 Communications and other public utilities (440-499)................. 140 Wholesale trade (500-579)........................................... 147 Retail trade (580-699).............................................. 995 Finance, insurance, and real estate (700-720)....................... 368 Business and repair services (721-760).............................. 270 Personal services (761-799)......................................... 207 Entertainment and recreation services (800-811)..................... 76 Professional and related services (812-899): Health services (812-840)......................................... 296 Educational services (842-860).................................... 429 Other professional and related services (841, 861-899)............ 420 Public administration (900-939)..................................... 306
1990 Census Of Population And Housing Summary Tape File 3A
040 Virginia
050 Clarke County
OCCUPATION Universe: Employed persons 16 years and over Managerial and professional specialty occupations (000-202): Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations (000-042)... 543 Professional specialty occupations (043-202)...................... 673 Technical, sales, and administrative support occupations (203-402): Technicians and related support occupations (203-242)............. 195 Sales occupations (243-302)....................................... 671 Administrative support occupations, including clerical (303-402).. 857 Service occupations (403-472): Private household occupations (403-412)........................... 65 Protective service occupations (413-432).......................... 79 Service occupations, except protective and household (433-472).... 692 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (473-502)................ 403 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations (503-702).......1,030 Operators, fabricators, and laborers (703-902): Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors (703-802)........... 381 Transportation and material moving occupations (803-863).......... 246 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers (864-902)..... 355
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
160 Berryville town
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE
Total population...............................................3,097
Urban population....................................................3,097
Percent of total population.....................................100.0
Rural population.................................................... 0
Percent of total population..................................... 0.0
Farm population................................................... 0
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.................... 541
Preprimary school................................................... 32
Elementary or high school........................................... 450
Percent in private school......................................... 4.0
College............................................................. 59
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Persons 25 years and over.........................................2,184
Less than 9th grade................................................. 303
9th to 12th grade, no diploma....................................... 343
High school graduate................................................ 773
Some college, no degree............................................. 356
Associates degree................................................... 70
Bachelor's degree................................................... 224
Graduate or professional degree..................................... 115
Percent high school graduate or higher.............................. 70.4
Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................. 15.5
RESIDENCE IN 1985
Persons 5 years and over......................................2,908
Lived in same house.................................................1,698
Lived in different house in U.S.....................................1,208
Same State........................................................1,019
Same county..................................................... 468
Different county................................................ 551
Different State................................................... 189
Lived abroad........................................................ 2
DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS
Persons 16 to 64 years........................................1,863
With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 75
With a mobility limitation........................................ 49
With a self-care limitation....................................... 41
With a work disability.............................................. 123
In labor force.................................................. 50
Prevented from working............................................ 60
Persons 65 years and over..................................... 507
With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 69
With a mobility limitation........................................ 68
With a self-care limitation....................................... 34
CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN
Women 15 to 24 years................................................ 385
Women 25 to 34 years................................................ 954
Women 35 to 44 years................................................1,793
VETERAN STATUS
Civilian veterans 16 years and over................................. 327
65 years and over................................................. 90
NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH
Native population...................................................3,074
Percent born in state of residence.............................. 70.4
Foreign-born population............................................. 23
Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990..................................... 6
LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME
Persons 5 years and over........................................2,908
Speak a language other than English................................. 63
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 22
Speak Spanish..................................................... 24
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 15
Speak Asian or Pacific Island language............................ 3
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 0
ANCESTRY
Total ancestries reported.........................................1,789
Arab................................................................ 0
Austrian............................................................ 0
Belgian............................................................. 0
Canadian............................................................ 0
Czech............................................................... 18
Danish.............................................................. 7
Dutch............................................................... 49
English............................................................. 337
Finnish............................................................. 0
French (except Basque).............................................. 63
French Canadian..................................................... 19
German.............................................................. 373
Greek............................................................... 3
Hungarian........................................................... 2
Irish............................................................... 244
Italian............................................................. 31
Lithuanian.......................................................... 4
Norwegian........................................................... 0
Polish.............................................................. 3
Portuguese.......................................................... 0
Romanian............................................................ 0
Russian............................................................. 0
Scotch-Irish........................................................ 94
Scottish............................................................ 46
Slovak.............................................................. 4
Subsaharan African.................................................. 0
Swedish............................................................. 2
Swiss............................................................... 2
Ukrainian........................................................... 0
United States or American........................................... 185
Welsh............................................................... 30
West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)...................... 2
Yugoslavian......................................................... 0
Other ancestries.................................................... 271
1990 Census of Population and Housing
040 Virginia
160 Boyce town
URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENCE
Total population............................................... 512
Urban population.................................................... 0
Percent of total population..................................... 0.0
Rural population.................................................... 512
Percent of total population.....................................100.0
Farm population................................................... 7
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school.................... 121
Preprimary school................................................... 12
Elementary or high school........................................... 87
Percent in private school......................................... 4.6
College............................................................. 22
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Persons 25 years and over......................................... 338
Less than 9th grade................................................. 47
9th to 12th grade, no diploma....................................... 58
High school graduate................................................ 97
Some college, no degree............................................. 88
Associates degree................................................... 7
Bachelor's degree................................................... 32
Graduate or professional degree..................................... 9
Percent high school graduate or higher...................... 68.9
Percent bachelor's degree or higher................................. 12.1
RESIDENCE IN 1985
Persons 5 years and over................................... 479
Lived in same house................................................. 300
Lived in different house in U.S..................................... 179
Same State........................................................ 164
Same county..................................................... 68
Different county................................................ 96
Different State................................................... 15
Lived abroad........................................................ 0
DISABILITY OF CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS
Persons 16 to 64 years........................................ 314
With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 0
With a mobility limitation........................................ 0
With a self-care limitation....................................... 0
With a work disability.............................................. 23
In labor force.................................................. 12
Prevented from working............................................ 8
Persons 65 years and over..................................... 75
With a mobility or self-care limitation............................. 16
With a mobility limitation........................................ 2
With a self-care limitation....................................... 14
CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 WOMEN
Women 15 to 24 years................................................ 294
Women 25 to 34 years................................................1,500
Women 35 to 44 years................................................1,463
VETERAN STATUS
Civilian veterans 16 years and over................................. 62
65 years and over................................................. 17
NATIVITY AND PLACE OF BIRTH
Native population................................................... 507
Percent born in state of residence.............................. 82.2
Foreign-born population............................................. 5
Entered the U.S. 1980 to 1990..................................... 0
LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME
Persons 5 years and over........................................ 479
Speak a language other than English................................. 16
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 1
Speak Spanish..................................................... 12
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 0
Speak Asian or Pacific Island language............................ 1
Do not speak English 'very well'................................ 1
ANCESTRY
Total ancestries reported......................................... 265
Arab................................................................ 0
Austrian............................................................ 0
Belgian............................................................. 0
Canadian............................................................ 0
Czech............................................................... 0
Danish.............................................................. 0
Dutch............................................................... 18
English............................................................. 35
Finnish............................................................. 0
French (except Basque).............................................. 0
French Canadian..................................................... 9
German.............................................................. 73
Greek............................................................... 0
Hungarian........................................................... 2
Irish............................................................... 35
Italian............................................................. 0
Lithuanian.......................................................... 8
Norwegian........................................................... 0
Polish.............................................................. 8
Portuguese.......................................................... 0
Romanian............................................................ 0
Russian............................................................. 0
Scotch-Irish........................................................ 1
Scottish............................................................ 3
Slovak.............................................................. 0
Subsaharan African.................................................. 0
Swedish............................................................. 0
Swiss............................................................... 0
Ukrainian........................................................... 1
United States or American........................................... 25
Welsh............................................................... 0
West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups)...................... 0
Yugoslavian......................................................... 0
Other ancestries.................................................... 47
$500 to $749...................................................... 221
$750 to $999...................................................... 25
$1,000 or more.................................................... 0
No cash rent...................................................... 187
Median (dollars).................................................. 441
GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989
Specified renter-occupied housing units............................. 848
Less than 20 percent.............................................. 298
20 to 24 percent.................................................. 122
25 to 29 percent.................................................. 97
30 to 34 percent.................................................. 37
35 percent or more................................................ 105
Not computed...................................................... 189
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