6. Promoting Social Intergenerational Equity During Disaster Recovery
- Where To Find Information -
Training Courses and Workshops
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, Higher Education
Project Courses. Emmitsburg, Maryland. http://www.fema.gov/emi/edu/aem_courses.htm Phone:
(301) 447-1233 or email Barbara Johnson: barbara.l.Johnson@fema.gov [accessed June 15,
2001]
- "Social Dimensions of Disaster."
- "Sociology of Disaster."
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, National
Emergency Training Center. Emmitsburg, Maryland. http://www.fema.gov/emi [accessed June
15, 2001] (301) 447-1035.
- "FEMA Program Responsibilities: Coordinating Environmental and Historical
Compliance. Federal Emergency Management Agency Course G253.
This 3-day course is an introduction to environmental and historic compliance. It
examines the importance of fully integrating the compliance steps stipulated by the
National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic Preservation Act into the
administration of the Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation Grant Programs. This
course is directed to those at environmental/historic entry levels, and others whose
primary function is not environmental/historic.
Organizations
Disaster Child Care, Adventist Community Services
The Adventists and the Church of the Brethren have developed model programs for child care
and donations management.
See http://www.nvoad.org/acs.htm [accessed August 3, 2001]
American Red Cross
Among the topics covered are "Dealing with the Elderly and Disasters and "Masters of
Disasters Curriculum for Children."
See http://www.redcross/org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Center for Health, Environment and Justice
See http://www.chej.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Center for Third World Organizing
See http://www.ctwo.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Environmental Justice Resource Center, Clark Atlanta University
See http://www.ejrc.cau.edu [accessed August 3, 2001]
Federal Emergency Management Agency
"FEMA for Kids" has excellent resources in English and Spanish, with stories for all children,
including Native Americans.
See http://www.fema.gov/kids/ [accessed August 3, 2001]
Gender and Disaster Network
Use this network to find experts on women's issues around the world.
See http://www.anglia.ac.uk/geography/gdn [accessed August 3, 2001]
Highlander Education and Research Center (HREC)
HREC specializes in participatory education and action research and involving stakeholders.
See http://www.hrec.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
League of United Latin American Citizens
Mountain Association for Community Economic development, 433 Chestnut Street, Berea, KY
40403; (606) 986-2373; fax 606-986-1299; email info@maced.org
See http://www.lulac.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Mennonite Disaster Services
The Mennonites will appear quietly in a community, assist the low-income, elderly and/or
persons with disabilities with post-disaster cleanup and building repair, and then quietly leave.
See http://www.nvoad.org/mds.htm
Mid-Florida Area Agency on Aging Emergency Preparedness.
http://www.mfaaa.org/emergency/plan/disaster/1.html [accessed August 3, 2001]
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
See http://www.naacp.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster.
At http://www.nvoad.org/aboutnv.htm. you will find a network of voluntary organizations, many
of them faith-based.
Pacific Institute. "Environmental Justice Resources on the Internet."
This page has extensive lists of resources at the local, national, and international level, including
institutional sites, reports, and relevant legal texts.
See http://www.pacinst.org/ej.html [accessed August 3, 2001]
Prepare Now
This site is an excellent source for information on vulnerable populations and disasters.
See http://www.preparenow.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Sustainable Measures.
See http://www.sustainablemeasures.com [accessed August 3, 2001]
United Nations Development Programme, Gender in Development
See http://www.undp.org/gender/ [accessed August 3, 2001]
United Farm Workers of America, AFL-CIO
Use this site for connections and networks to local migrant and stationary farm workers and
organizations.
See http://www.ufw.org [accessed August 3, 2001]
Videos, CD-ROMs, and DVDs
Mitigation Revitalizes a Floodplain Community: The Darlington Story. Madison, WI:Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources. 1997.
This is a well-produced videotape about the efforts of a small rural Wisconsin community to
reverse the effects of neglect and disinvestment in its historic downtown area caused by repeated
flooding and economic change. Using a multi-objective planning and management strategy,
officials and citizens, in partnership with government agencies and private entities, identified six
goals: 1) preserve the historic character of the downtown; 2) restore community pride; 3) acquire
and relocate commercial properties at risk; 4) elevate and flood proof commercial and residential
structures; 5) stimulate investment downtown; and 6) pursue tourism as an economic strategy.
The video follows the mitigation process from early meetings through floodproofing and
relocation. Produced by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 27 minutes. 1997.
Available free from Wisconsin DNR, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707-7921; (608) 264-9200.
Quality Redevelopment of Eastern North Carolina. Horizon Video Productions. 2000. Durham,
NC.
This 20-minute video was produced by the state in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd to introduce
and educate local and state officials about the "better ways" available to recover from the disaster
and at the same time address other local concerns such as environmental quality, economic
vitality, housing, sense of community, business and job opportunities, and disaster mitigation. It
introduced a framework espoused by the state for sustainable community action and features the
governor explaining the tenets of "quality redevelopment" and how it can--and did--benefit
North Carolina communities and help ensure a better future for the state's citizens. Available
from North Carolina Department of Emergency Management, 1830-B Tillery Place, Raleigh, NC
27699; (919) 751-8000; fax: (919) 715-9763.
The Unexpected Catastrophe: 1989 Newcastle Earthquake Information Resources. Newcastle,
Australia: Newcastle Regional Library. 1999.
The Newcastle Earthquake Database is a multimedia CD-ROM database that contains a record of
the events of, the response to, and the renewal since the 1989 Newcastle earthquake. Subjects
covered in the database include: disaster management, earthquake engineering, economic impact,
geological issues, health issues, heritage issues, insurance, lifeline services, psychological
impact, recovery and renewal, seismology, and social and welfare services.
Books, Articles, and Papers
California Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Toward the 21st Century: Planning for the
Protection of California's Environment. Sacramento, CA: California Environmental
Protection Agency, California Comparative Risk Project, 642 pp.
California's unique blend of population density, government, economy, natural resources,
beauty, industry, agriculture, and recreational potential, combined with its size, diversity, and
social awareness makes the job of protecting public health and the environment particularly
challenging. To help identify environmental priorities for the future, the California Comparative
Risk Project was charged with identifying environmental threats of the greatest ecological,
human health, and societal concern using the risk-ranking model. This report presents the
findings of committees dealing with human health, ecological health, social welfare,
environmental justice, education, and economic perspectives. Also in the document are an
extensive summary report, an interagency management cooperative case study review, and four
appendices which present summary sheets for human health, ecological health, social welfare,
and education.
California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. 2000. Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable
People in Times of Disaster: A Guide for Emergency Managers. Sacramento, CA: California
Governor's Office of Emergency Services. 62 pp.
This handbook is a useful guide to the special situations faced by marginalized groups in the
wake of hazardous events. Its premise is that a cooperative relationship between government and
community-based organizations provides the best assurance that the needs of under-served
people and the needs of the community for long-term recovery will be fully addressed. It then
proceeds to outline steps for building that relationship, outlining the capabilities, strengths, and
weaknesses of both community-based organizations and governments in handling a variety of
situations. Extensive appendixes give sample memoranda of understanding, lists of community-based organizations, tips for getting started on a comprehensive approach, and sources of more
information.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. n.d. Safeguarding Your Historic Site: Basic
Preparedness and Recovery Measures for Natural Disasters. Boston, MA: FEMA Region I.
55 pp.
Drawing upon experience gained through disasters in Nantucket, Massachusetts, and Montpelier,
Vermont, this document helps stewards of historic sites-including historic buildings, landscapes,
districts, and museums-prepare their sites to withstand and recover from a natural disaster. The
handbook can also be used by public officials, planners, community development professionals,
and emergency management professionals as a general step-by-step guide to emergency planning
for such facilities. Before a disaster strikes, the handbook provides information about identifying
and assessing the risks to a facility, describes preventive measures for historic sites, and presents
emergency planning guidelines. During the disaster itself, the handbook describes what can be
done in the time available. After the disaster, guidelines are given for stabilizing the situation and
recovering from the impacts. Preventive measures and preservation considerations are provided
for four disaster agents: wildfire, hurricanes, riverine floods, and earthquakes.
Jones, Barclay G. 1986. Protecting Historic Architecture and Museum Collections from Natural
Disasters. Stoneham, MA: Butterworths Publishers. 576 pp.
This handbook is a guide for professionals engaged in the preservation of valuable objects or
structures. The book contains 27 papers, scores of illustrations and photographs, and an extensive
list of useful references. The papers are grouped into six categories: a general overview of
cultural loss caused by earthquakes and other natural disasters; a summary of policy issues for
those involved with disaster preparedness; an assessment of hazards and structural vulnerability
to them; a description of preventive measures to mitigate losses; listings of emergency and rescue
measures for structures and artifacts; and discussions of public and private response measures.
Merritt, John F. 1990. History at Risk: Loma Prieta-Seismic Safety and Historic Buildings.
Oakland, CA: California Preservation Foundation. 100 pp.
This book was written to serve two functions: to tell others in California what the California
Preservation Foundation learned in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake and to help local
officials and state agencies reassess seismic mitigation policies and programs that directly affect
the conservation of historic buildings. The book discusses the need to survey buildings at risk,
the human and financial resources available to mitigate future losses, and the policies and laws in
California that affect preservation before and after a disaster. It then describes how to develop a
program to reduce future earthquake risks and lists the financial resources that will be available
when an earthquake strikes. The document concludes with recommendations for changes in state
policy that will support the preservation and protection of historic buildings from earthquakes.
Appendices contain a study that compares different damage assessments of the same building in
Santa Cruz, and reprinted ordinances from the town of Los Gatos dealing with the repair,
restoration, and reconstruction of buildings damaged during the Loma Prieta quake.
Morris, Marya. 1992. Innovative Tools for Historic Preservation. Chicago, IL: American
Planning Association Planning Advisory Service. 40 pp.
This report describes the results of a survey of more than 300 planning directors and
preservationists to identify innovative techniques that offer the greatest protection to historic
resources. It shows how communities have used non-traditional techniques such as conservation
districts, down-zoning, and tax and financial incentives to meet historic preservation objectives.
The report includes case studies to illustrate each technique.
Nanita-Kennett, Milagros. 1994. Urban Redevelopment and Earthquake Safety. Tallahassee, FL:
Florida A&M University, School of Architecture. 143 pp.
Urban renewal or redevelopment has been employed by federal, state, and local governments to
promote the creation of public infrastructure and regulate the development process. However,
earthquake safety programs have never been a part of this process, despite evidence that many
cities are broadly vulnerable to the hazard. If these programs could be successfully integrated,
seismic safety and protection could be greatly increased with reasonable effort and cost. The
author examines this topic by addressing urban decay and earthquake risk; the redevelopment
process; the urban environment, including building codes, land use, and infrastructure; federal
earthquake programs; local government programs; and the integration of various aspects of
redevelopment. She provides case studies of Charleston, South Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee;
Salt Lake City, Utah; and Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, California.
Nelson, Carl L. 1991. Protecting the Past from Natural Disasters. Washington, D.C.: The
Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation. 192 pp.
This book issues a clear call to cultural preservation professionals, planners, and emergency
management personnel to begin preparations for protecting America's cultural heritage from
natural disasters. Following a photo essay on historic buildings damaged by Hurricane Hugo and
the Loma Prieta earthquake, the manual lists lessons learned from both of these disasters,
describes the types of damage caused by various disaster agents, and offers advice about how to
plan protective measures for historic properties. Emergency postdisaster activities also are
described, including stabilization of structures, artifact restoration, damage assessment,
restoration standards, security, and other recovery and reconstruction actions. Legal precautions,
landscape restoration, and insurance needs are a few of the topics about which information is
presented. Numerous checklists, bibliographic references, and an extensive list of resource
groups complete the volume.
O'Brien, Matthew Kendall. 1993. A Survey of Damage to Historic Buildings and an Evaluation
of Disaster Response Procedures Following the Cape Mendocino Earthquakes of April 1992.
Disasters and Cultural Property series. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Institute for Social
and Economic Research, Program in Urban and Regional Studies. 198 pp.
This case study investigates the impact on historic structures of the Cape Mendocino, California,
earthquakes of April 1992 and how the disaster recovery process that followed affected historic
architecture in the area.The estimated damage rate attributed to the earthquakes (1.5 to 2.5% of
the building stock) is not only high compared to other recent earthquakes but also demonstrates
the susceptibility of older construction to seismic damage. Separate chapters deal with seismic
retrofitting for historic residential buildings; the disaster recovery process in Humboldt County;
the role of federal agencies in disaster response and the role of the State of California in disaster
response. Topics addressed in the thesis include preservation legislation, California's policy
toward historic properties, and the role of the insurance industry in encouraging the preservation
of older residential structures.
Phillips, Brenda D. and Mindy Ephraim. 1992. Living in the Aftermath: Blaming Processes in the
Loma Prieta Earthquake. Working Paper No. 80. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Research
and Applications Information Center. 15 pp.
This report examines group behavior and attitudes in the aftermath of the 1989 Loma Prieta
earthquake. Following the quake, widespread and diverse sheltering needs arose because of the
mixed Bay Area population. The groups involved included non-English speakers, physically and
mentally disabled individuals, "pre-quake" homeless, and others. Long accustomed to
responding to sheltering, the American Red Cross stepped in to help; yet in some locales,
complaints were lodged against Red Cross sheltering efforts (or lack thereof) as well as against
local government efforts. Shelter problems in Watsonville, California, received heavy media
attention when allegations of cultural insensitivity and discrimination against the community's
large Latino population arose. This paper examines the evolution of these problems and offers
suggestions for avoiding such difficulties in the future.
Picou, J. Steven. 2000. "The 'Talking Circle' as Sociological Practice: Cultural Transformation
of Chronic Disaster Impacts." Sociological Practice: A Journal of Clinical and Applied
Sociology 2(2):66-76.
This article presents a description of a culturally sensitive mitigation strategy, the "Talking
Circle," and its application to Alaska Natives negatively impacted by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil
spill. Talking Circles are a traditional social activity for Alaska Natives and this activity was
organized and implemented by members of the Village of Eyak in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
The two-day event resulted in many testimonies about personal experiences with the oil spill.
Post-Talking Circle activities by Eyak Village members indicate increased cultural awareness
and political mobilization. These findings suggest that this mitigation strategy promoted cultural
consciousness among victims experiencing chronic disaster impacts and resulting in a
"transforming activity" for the Native Village of Eyak.
Simile, Catherine M. 1995. Disaster Settings and Mobilization for Contentious Collective
Action: Case Studies of Hurricane Hugo and the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Newark, DE:
University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center. 238 pp.
In 1989 two large-scale natural disasters affected two communities in the U.S. Hurricane Hugo
affected the Sea Islands of South Carolina and the Loma Prieta earthquake, Watsonville,
California. In both cases, pre-existing social organizations mobilized their resources to address
disaster impacts experienced by marginalized populations, specifically, damage to housing. In the
Sea Islands of South Carolina, white church groups addressed the housing problems of the rural
black poor as ones of misfortune and provided charity to those people. In Watsonville, on the
other hand, Latinos mounted contentious collective campaigns against what they claimed to be
unjust actions on the part of the local white power structure. The differences in the actions
undertaken by the two groups can be explained by the differential access each had to the features
necessary for contentious collective action: political opportunity, resources, pre-existing social
organization, and frames of injustice. The study concludes that, although disaster settings
heighten the potential for contentious collective action, only groups who engaged in such
behavior in pre-disaster settings are likely to engage in such action in post-disaster settings.
Thiel, Charles C., Jr., E. Leroy Tolles, Edna E. Kimbro, Fredrick A. Webster, and William
S.Ginell. Guidelines for Seismic Strengthening of Adobe Project-Report of first year
activities. Getty Conservation Institute. 250 pp.
The Getty Conservation Institute's interest in the areas of seismic damage mitigation studies and
the stabilization of deteriorating adobe structures led to the establishment in November 1990 of
the Guidelines for Seismic Strengthening of Adobe Project (GSAP). The goal of GSAP was to
develop technical procedures for improving the seismic performance of existing monumental
adobe structures consistent with maintaining architectural, historic, and cultural conservation
values. California's seismic vulnerability is particularly hazardous to the state's Spanish Colonial
adobe architectural heritage, which includes missions, presidios, and residences. Also included in
the report is a glossary of Spanish Colonial architectural terminology, 451 general references plus
chapter references, and a census of historic adobe buildings in California. The report is
generously supplied with floor-plans, detail drawings, and photographs.
Tolles, E. Leroy, Edna E. Kimbro, Charles C.Thiel, Frederick A.Webster, and William S. Ginell.
1993. Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofitting of Adobe Project-report of second year
activities. Getty Conservation Institute. 166 pp.
This second report of the Guidelines for Seismic Strengthening of Adobe Project activities
offers: 1) a planning guide that provides information and advice about seismic cultural
preservation goals, objectives, conservation principles, essential information required, and
practical application of the information; and 2) a description of a seismic testing program, which
contains information about test procedures, material and wall tests, and the results of the testing
program on building models. Other features of the report include sources of information and
assistance available from agencies and non-profit organizations, and a reprint of "Working with
Architects and Other Consultants," a chapter appearing in the Historic Property Owner's
Handbook (1977), which was prepared for the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
U.S. National Task Force on Emergency Response. 1997. Emergency Response and Salvage
Wheel. Washington, D.C.: National Task Force on Emergency Response. 4 pp.
Much of America's cultural heritage is in the care of museums, libraries, art institutions, and
other organizations, and protecting these valuable resources can be difficult under the best of
conditions. In a disaster, collections that have been carefully built over many years can be
damaged, endangering national treasures. The National Task Force on Emergency Response
recently created a useful tool to guide caretakers in protecting and salvaging their collections-the
Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel-which outlines steps to take in preparing for,
responding to, and recovering from disasters. It discusses creating disaster plans, working with
emergency management agencies in the community, and obtaining assistance from national
conservation organizations. The wheel also provides information on responding to a disaster
warning; taking protective action during a disaster; initiating recovery activities away from the
site; stabilizing a building and its environment; handling documentation; retrieving and
protecting artifacts; assessing damage; prioritizing salvage activities; revitalizing historic
buildings; and restoring photographs, books and papers, electronic records, textiles, furniture,
ceramic, stone, metal organic materials, natural history specimens, and framed artwork.
U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation. 1990. An Assessment of Damage Caused to
Historic Resources by the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Publication No. NT-RS-10570-90.
Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation. 114 pp.
This report assesses the damage and impacts to historic buildings caused by the Loma Prieta
quake, analyzes the financial needs and funding available for restoring the buildings, and
recommends actions to be taken by both federal and state governments. At the federal level, the
report recommends that legislative procedures should be instituted immediately to retrofit
historic buildings. The California State Office of Historic Preservation performed very well in
dealing with the quake's aftermath. Small scale methods for seismically upgrading buildings are
known; what is needed is implementation, not necessarily more research. The report offers
numerous suggestions, recommends implementation strategies, lists many California resources,
and outlines state legislation aimed at retrofitting historical structures.
U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation. 1993. Treatment of Flood-Damaged Older and
Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP). 12
pp.
Prompted by the massive flooding in the Midwest, the NTHP has prepared an informative
booklet to assist building owners in minimizing structural and cosmetic damage caused by
riverine flood waters. Construction detail drawings and checklists provide guidelines for dealing
with problems caused by hydrostatic pressure (basement slab heaving, foundation collapse, loss
of mortar); erosion (foundation erosion, soil erosion, sidewalk and slab heaving); saturated
insulation; wood rot; masonry and concrete (soluble salt damage, freezing and thawing damage);
exposed and imbedded metals; exterior paint; and interior finishes (drywall, wood floors and
trim, paint, wallpaper, and floor coverings). The publication also suggests safety precautions for
workers to take during the restoration process. In addition to providing advice on specific
restoration details, these offices administer the historic rehabilitation tax credit program for
owners of income-producing properties certified as historic rehabilitation projects.
Additional Reading
Aguirre International. 1996. EDA's Post-Disaster Assistance Program After Hurricane Andrew:
Final Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technical Assistance and
Research Division, Economic Development Administration. 128 pp.
Bailey, Conner, Kelly D.Alley, Charles E. Faupel, and Cathy Solheim. 1993. Environmental
Justice and the Professional. HRRC Publication No.125A. College Station, TX: Texas A&M
University, College of Architecture, Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center.10 pp.
Bailey, Conner, Charles E. Faupel, and Kelly D. Alley. 1994. Environmental Justice:
Mobilization of a Grassroots Social Movement. HRRC Publication 126A. College Station,
TX: Texas A&M University, College of Architecture, Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center.
21 pp.
Berke, Philip R.,Jack D. Kartez, and Dennis E. Wenger. 1993. "Recovery after Disaster:
Achieving Sustainable Development, Mitigation and Equity." Disasters 17(2):93-109.
Bolin, Robert and Lois Stanford. "Constructing Vulnerability in the First World: the Northridge
Earthquake in Southern California, 1994." In Oliver-Smith, Anthony and Hoffman, Susanna
M., eds. The Angry Earth. New York: Routledge: 89-112.
Boyce, James K. 2000. "Let Them Eat Risk? Wealth, Rights and Disaster Vulnerability."
Disasters 24(3):254-261.
Buckle, Philip, et al. 2000. "New Approaches to Assessing Vulnerability and Resilience."
Australian Journal of Emergency Management 15(2):8-14.
Cuny, Fred. 1983. Disasters and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cutter, Susan L. 1995. "The Forgotten Casualties: Women, Children and Environmental
Change." Global Environmental Change 5(1):181-194.
Enarson, Elaine. 1999. "Violence Against Women in Disasters." Violence against Women 5(7):
742-768.
Fothergill, Alice, Enrique G.M.Maestas, and JoAnne Darlington DeRouen. 1999. "Race,
Ethnicity and Disasters in the United States: a Review of the Literature." Disasters
23(2):156-173.
Harker, Donald F. and Elizabeth Ungar Natter. 1995. Where We Live: A Citizen's Guide to
Conducting a Community Environmental Inventory. Covelo, CA: Island Press. 319 pp.
Henderson, H. 1996. Building a Win-win World: Life Beyond Global Economic Warfare. San
Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Krajeski, Richard L. and Kristina J. Peterson. 1999. "'But She Is a Woman and This Is a Man's
Job': Lessons for Participatory Research and Participatory Recovery." International Journal
of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17(1): 123-130.
Martin, Christopher T. 1995. "Historic Resources Compliance and Mitigation in Missouri's
Floodplains." Pp. 169-173 in From the Mountains to the Sea--Developing Local Capability:
Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Association of State Floodplain
Managers.Special Publication 31. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center.
McDonnell, Sharon et al. 1995. "Evaluation of Long-term Community Recovery from Hurricane
Andrew: Sources of Assistance Received by Population Sub-groups." Disasters 19(4):
338-347.
Mileti, Dennis. 1999. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United
States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. Available at
http://books.nap.edu/catalog/5782.html. [accessed September 21, 2001]
Morrow, Betty Hearn and Elaine Enarson. 1996. "Hurricane Andrew Through Women's Eyes:
Issues and Recommendations." International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters
14(1): 5-22.
Phillips, Brenda D. 2000 "Environmental Hazards, Sustainability and Social Justice: Making a
Difference." In Dunn, Dana and Waller, David V., eds. Analyzing Social Problems: essays
and exercises, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rogers, George O. 1995. Environmental Racism or Inequity: Comparative Study of Four Ethnic
Groups. HRRC Publication 131A. College Station, TX: University of Texas, College of
Architecture, Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center.18 pp.
Roseland, Mark. 1998. Toward Sustainable Communities: Resources for Citizens and Their
Governments. Stony Creek, CT: New Society Publishers.
Weaver, James H., Michael T. Rock, and Kenneth Kusterer. 1997. Achieving Broad-Based
Sustainable Development: Governance, Environment, and Growth with Equity. West
Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
